Disruptive Behavior in Classroom

lush look in civilizeroom agree to Utley (2002), the statistics of force push through and crystalise problems in humanity indoctrinate showed that belligerent and violent ports ar append among children and y out(p)h in indoctrinates and that cultivate orbit is slender to the prevention of cultivate- get on child fashion problems. Leaders of readingal organizations atomic number 18 attempting to exculpate the problems through inquiry and then implementing various solutions. Disruptive expressions atomic number 18 occurring much frequently in educational facilities. Disruptive manners interrupt classroom control which in annul has a signifi fecest negative move on all learners. Students with behavioural problems whitethorn strain even the most(prenominal) competent classroom thatched roofer. to a greater extent children from troubled homes are bringing easily-developed patterns of anti societal sort to school. Their degraded, aggressive, and de fiant conduct (a) wastes breeding judgment of conviction, (b) disrupts the acquire crop of former(a) school-age childs, and (c) threatens the safety of a nonher(prenominal)s (Walker, Ramsey, Gresham, 2003).Knowing that students dress better in classrooms that are safe, secure, and monastic exhibitionly is champion of the most meaning(a) concepts teachers learn and strive to maintain Need to add references (Christensen, Marchant, Young, 2004 Horner, Sugai, Lewis-Palmer, Todd, 2001 Utley,Kozleski, Smith, Draper, 2002). However, general education classroom teacher surveys routinely identify prepare as one of the topics considered most primary(prenominal) or in lease of im farmment (Witt, VanDerHeyden Gilberston, 2004). A study indicated that general education teachers inform on average, one in five of their students exhibited disruptive demeanors and one in twenty exhibited aggressive behaviors to the hitch discussion was requisite (Myers Holland, 2000). Those that are signifi female genital organtly at-risk for school failure are children who exhibit behavior problems at an be sequences age. Disruptive behavior is a student-initiated act that ranges from tardiness to force play. It may consist of behavior that is disrespectful, offensive, or threatening and may present itself physically, verbally, or psychologically. It has a negative impact in either learning environment and interferes with the learning activities of the perpetrator and other students. It essential be kept in mind that all disruptions, regardless of perceived earnestness, trim from schoolman learning time. Even small, annoying problems such as tardiness can create a serious problem for educators and fellow students and must be dealt with promptly (DeFrance, 1997). Numerous labels exist when describing types of behavior children exhibit such as violent, aggressive, op doal, challenging and disruptive. harmonise to Kaiser and Rasminsky (2003), psychologists very much define aggression as behavior that is aimed at harming or injuring others. Each of these behaviors, impact the student, teacher and classroom environment. in that location are numerous reasons for the negative behaviors that to a greater extent and more students are exhibiting (Greene, 2001). check to Adelman and Taylor (2002), between 12-22 percent of all children in schools suffer from psychological, emotional, or behavioural disorders. Many of these students do not respond to behavior st locategies and expectations that work with the other students. Hardman (2003) verbalize that for most secondary school teachers, maintaining classroom cogitation is a daily concern that can be rewarding and besides a source of frustration. On a regular basis, teachers and module members are bear on by the extreme challenges that these students create. These extreme challenges include continuously talking out of turn, inattentiveness, fidgety, acts of insubordination, non residency, and belligerence (Boynton Boynton, 2005). The Association of school day Counselors reports that 18% of students wipe out special postulate and require extraordinary encumbrances and treatments that go beyond the typical resources available to the classroom (Dunn Baker, 2002). Although classroom teachers may not be in a position to directly service students with these types of necessitate, teachers must be easily-equipped to meet the strikes of all students. A number of factors can influence students classroom behaviors, and teachers save to be prepared with methods and models to manage the classroom no-hitly to take in an environment tri exceptary to learning. Educators slip by to rely on traditional discipline practices that generally carry penalization, especially for the most challenging behaviors. The assumption is that penalty-based discipline implemented in response to rule violations go away deter future accompaniments and aroundhow teach and promote more pro- amicable skills (Sugai Homer, 2002). The zero leeway draw close to discipline has turn up in in effect(p) in reducing problem behavior (Skiba, 2002). Zero tolerance policies began being adopted in reaction to an ontogenesis in rage in schools as well as confederacy. Schools are in pluck of educating students however, they are constantly suspending students for minor infractions (Cox, 2009). It was inform in 2008 in regular army Today, that tens of thousands of students are suspended each year from Maryland schools for minor infractions under(a) the zero tolerance policy. Nine percent of students were suspended with the higher rate being African Americans, special education and boys. on that point is increased entertain in courses designed to decrease problem behavior and behavioural referrals (Tidewell et al., 2003). The Classroom Management Checklists (appendices A, B, C) provides teachers with descriptions of effective models and methods in which teachers can u tilize and monitor in their classroom daily. Although the importance of classroom perplexity is widely recognized in research, its definition is elusive (Marzano, 2003). Marzano (2003) defined classroom management as the by-lineClassroom management is the confluence of teacher actions in four distinct areas (1) establishing and enforcing rules and procedures, (2) carrying out disciplinary actions, (3) maintaining effective teacher and student relationships, and (4) maintaining an appropriate mental set for management. Only when effective practices in these four areas are active and working in concert is a classroom effectively managed.(p.18) super title-holder analysis of five decades of research on classroom management reviewed some 228 variables influencing student achievement. Nothing, it found, matched student achievement more than skillful classroom management (NEA Today, 2004). In addition, research has shown us that teachers actions in their classrooms have twice the i mpact on student achievement as do school policies regarding curriculum, appraisal, staff collegiality, and community involvement (Marzano, Marzano, Pickering, 2003). Unfortunately, the implementation of positive degree and proactive behavioural approaches in our semipublic schools is rare (Snell, 2005). Instead schools often rely on less effective reactive and exclusionary approaches that hinder students educational progress (Christle, Jolivette, Nelson, 2007). destination OF INTRODUCTION School discipline has always been perceived as natural for the proper functioning of a public school. Expectations are die that discipline is necessary for students to learn and that educators are evaluate to establish and maintain well disciplined schools (Covin, 2007). All stakeholders historically have taken pride in maintaining well disciplined schools. The following(a) highlighted are comes from resource saved as disst Resource 2.8.10 According to Sugai (2007), schools are complex en vironments where skills, knowledge, and practices of a culture are taught, shaped, encouraged, and transmitted. Educators are challenged to provide effective and explicit instruction that maximizes students knowledge of concepts and skills. In the educational environment, students are challenged to remain centraliseed, responsive, and guided to service from instruction. These goals are enriched and compound by students with diverse learning styles, unique strengths and weaknesses, and defining cultural influences. Additionally, schools, students, and families must adapt to maximize benefits from the school experience.Nevertheless, there continues to be a developing concern well-nigh the number of disruptive behaviors and neglect of discipline in the educational facility (Covin, 2007). These disruptive behaviors make it more challenging for educators to touch goals. Luiselli, Putnam, Handler, and Feinberg (2005) stated, Many students attending public schools exhibit discipline problems such as disruptive classroom behaviors, vandalism, browbeat, and fierceness. . . Establishing effective discipline practices is critical to curb academic success and to provide a safe learning environment (p. 183). According to McAdams and Lambie (2003), public schools are facing increasing challenges with regards to the rise in disruptive behaviors amongst children. Curwin and Mendler (1999), includes unclear limits, student boredom, sense of failure and attacks on student dignity, lack of acceptable outlets for feelings and a sense of powerlessness as basic causes of discipline issues. Students at the elementary level are becoming more violent. They are kicking, biting, scratching, and hitting both their classmates and teachers (Toppo, 2003). Many educators are extremely concerned about the danger and disorder in school environments. Unbelievable scenarios of violence in schools have made teachers, administrators, parents, and children aware that violence can happen a nyplace in the United States. However, compared to other orbits in terms of physically safety, most schools are safe environments (Dwyer, Osher, Hoffman, 2000). Approximately, 3% of teachers and students in urban schools and between 1% and 2% of teachers and students in rural schools are attacked physically or robbed each month (Cotton, 2007). These types of extreme disruptive behaviors in a school set are an ever-increasing concern (Eber, Sugai, Smith, Scott, 2002). Elementary school principals say theyre seeing more violence and aggression amongst their youngest students, than ever. In Philadelphia, 22 kindergarteners were suspended in the firstly part of the year (Toppo, 2003). Violence in schools is an urgent problem. In school settings, it is an extension of the violence that occurs among children in communities throughout our Nation. The effects of school violence take a toll on the education of the poor and minorities. On reviewing research on youth violence, some of the risk factors within the school setting were negative peer influences, low commitment to school, academic failure, and certain(a) school environments/practices, such as undisciplined classes, and lax enforcement of school rules (Rosenberg, 1999). antecedent to age 13, children who exhibit violent behaviors are confirmed to be on a path of criminal tendencies and escalating violence throughout childhood (U.S. operating surgeon General, 2001, chap.1). It is easier to recognize behaviors, that suggest a child is troubled than to predict that the childs behavior forget lead to violence. Theres no single sign or premature warning signs that can accurately predict whether a child go forth be violent or not (Dwyer, Osher, Hoffman, 2000). There are identifiable risk factors in individuals that increase the likelihood for developing problem behavior. risk factors include poor anger management skills and lack of academic take (Hunt, Meyers, Davies, Meyers, Grogg, Neel, 2002). Other identifiable risk factors include disruptive classroom behavior, defiance of adults, and poor school readiness (Walker, H., Severson, H., Feil, E., Stiller, B. Golly, A., 1998). According to Porter (2009), some reasons for student discipline problems are boredom, powerlessness, unclear limits, lack of acceptable outlets for feelings and attacks on diginity. School violence affects all of society and interferes with the learning process (Taub, 2002). In a Greensboro elementary school, parents are concerned that well-behaved students are having elusive times learning because of the continuous outburst and violent acts in the classroom (Benscoter, 2007). about students who exhibit aggressive reactions often overreact to even small incidences and have a limited threshold for frustration (McAdams Lambie, 2003). If any of these negative reactions or incidences is repeated over a period of time towards others, it is considered bullying. Bullying behaviors can include physical, verbal, sexual or social ostracism (Boynton Boynton, 2005). Students who exhibit these behaviors are often viewed by educators and parents as unpredictable (McAdams Lambie, 2003). Statistically, children who engage in bullying behavior are more possible to commit crimes as adults (Taub, 2002). There are studies that show that bullies are five times as likely to have serious criminal records by 30 years of age (Boynton Boynton, 2005). If youth violence is not averted, it impart be costly to society (Connor, 2002). The longer a child continues to use aggressive behavior, the more difficult it becomes to change his direction (Kaiser Rasminsky, 2003). Although isolated instances of violence (e.g., school shootings) contribute to this perception, nation are most concerned with the lack of discipline and control in schools (Rose Gallup, 2005). School administrators, parents, community members and policy makers all recognize that the safety of public schools is of the utmost importance (Ba rnoski, 2001 Snell, 2005). The Juvenile Offenders and Victims National Report (Synder Sickmund, 2006) describes continuing concerns with violence in schools even though, there has been some increase in public school safety. The survey reports that there are less severe forms of school violence that is problematic. In a survey conducted in Washington State, teachers indicated that change magnitude disruptive behavior was one of the top three priorities at their schools (Barnoski, 2001). Disruptive behaviors were noted as having a significantly negative effect on students learning ability. Some of those behaviors are considered of low-severity. Those behaviors may include noncompliance, classroom disruptions, teasing, stealth bullying. Of these behaviors, bullying is the most prevalent (Whitted Dupper, 2005). According to Bowman (2001), 30% of students reported being bullied, bullying others, or both, in grades 6-10. According to Snell (2005), 29% of schools reported bullying to be a serious problem. Approximately one ternary of students reported being involved in fights, being victimized by theft, or vandalized while at school (Synder Sickmund, 2006). These disruptive behaviors negatively affect student learning (Barnoski, 2001). As a final result, schools establish policies that try to increase discipline and control, often by adopting get tough practices. When the initial policies prove ineffective, schools often respond by getting tougher. That is, they invest in other security and retributive measures that actually have little impact on student behavior (Skiba Peterson, 2000). As administrators seek ways to address behavior problems in their schools, the norm is to be a reactionary approach rather than a proactive approach (Tidewell, Flannery Lewis-Palmer, 2003). The methods used are often a get tough approach to problem behaviors rather than efforts grounded in observational research (Muscott, Mann, Benjamin, Gately, 2004 Sugai Homer, 2006). Researchers have found that general approaches to disruptive behaviors are often successful and may actually exacerbate these behaviors (Tidwell, et al.). Common solutions to continuous discipline problems such as suspending and expelling students from school do not solve the problem (Muscott, et al.). As previously mentioned, schools are meant to be places that provide students with a safe, secure, and orderly environment. However, school professionals have recently seen as an increase in violent behaviors that have taken place in a setting that was once considered safe (Metzler, Biglan Rusby, 2001). Although behavior issues in the school setting are not a sunrise(prenominal) problem, there has been a plea for more effective discipline procedures especially in the face of recent school violence (Muscott, et al, 2004.). The reform and accountability of schools has added new demands for restructuring systems of discipline as well as restructuring the school day (Frey, Lingo, Nels on, 2008). According to Metzler, et al (2001), the search for political platforms and procedures to impact increasing behavior problems is not solely an issue of safety but is overly associated with other issues including school failure and delinquent behavior. In the need to increase student achievement, umteen administrators, educators, and counselors are spending much of their time and effort addressing students negative or problem behaviors (George, Harrower, Knoster, 2003). A variety of models and approaches have been used in an attempt to decrease discipline referrals due to the complex problems created by students disruptive behavior. The decrease of problem behaviors allows the students quality of life in other areas to increase (Hendley Lock, 2007). Effective behavioral models have included a variety of strategies structured in multilevel process (Muscott, et al., 2004) however, in the withstand 25 years, galore(postnominal) schools have adopted more punitive appro aches to violence prevention in public schools. These include the use of metal detectors, picture surveillance, searches and zero-tolerance policies (Van Acker, 2007). All 50 states have enacted zero-tolerance legislation that requires suspension or plosion and provides for no administrator discretion in determining appropriate punishment for certain types of infractions (Yell Rozanski, 2000). In some cases students are referred to law enforcement agencies for infractions. These methods are not effective at preventing or reducing disruptive behavior however, they are associated with student dropouts (Wald Losen, 2003 Yell Rozanski, 2000). The Federal Government included in its Goals 2000 domesticate America Act, that by the year 2000, every school will purport a disciplined environment conducive to learning (Marzano, 2003). instructors have been receiving superfluous training on how to cover classroom misbehavior (Tuleya, 2002). Having a stiff tool (behavior plan) and con tinuous staff training will be come upon in averting negative behaviors. Providing these students with the tools to monitor their own feelings may go to in halting some of the explosions before they occur (Smallwood, 2003). According to Gartrell (2004), in appropriate teaching practices, teachers facilitate the development of self-control, social skills, and self-regulation in children by using positive guidance techniques. These activities include modeling and encouraging expected behavior, redirecting children to more acceptable activities, setting clear limits, and intervening to enforce consequences for unacceptable, prejudicious behavior. In appropriate teaching practices, teachers expectations respect childrens developing capabilities and teachers are patient, realizing that not every minor infraction deserves a response. When dealing with students exhibiting reactive aggressive behavior, adults must be cognizant of the following relationship building, stimulus control, co gnitive restructures, self-control training, and social skill training (McAdams and Lambie, 2003, p. 129) Conroy and Davis (2000) discuss the importance of taking a proactive stance when dealing with inappropriate behaviors. Leadership plays an important role in dealing with students exhibiting explosive behaviors. To increase the likelihood of success, a learning environment has to be created that promotes positive interactions and focuses on teaching the skills necessary to prevent outburst. According to Smallwood (2003), one will significantly increase strong point if comprehensive prevention strategies are put in place. An intervention process that emphasizes problem solving, not punishment, and facilitates collaboration between all stakeholders will also increase the likelihood of success. Smallwood (2005) provides the following strategies for averting and/or solving issues. direct teachers introduce expectations at the beginning of the year and regularly incorporate opportun ities for learning coping skills into the school day.Give students praise when you see them make a good choice.Model the skills you want the students to learn.Provide teachers and take staff, cafeteria monitors and bus drivers with training. suffer a problem solving police squad approach with the staff.Designate an say-so or special place as a time out room for students who need to regain self control. Students should know where the room is and what adult(s) will be there to attend them. This is often the counselors powerfulness or the administrators office. form trust with students by being accessible and encouraging. Many teachers turn to the modified Education department because chances are the student will be set as a Special Needs student and will assimilate specific services. A specific plan and strategies are developed to help the staff work together for the students benefit (Boynton Boynton, 2005). Prevention and early intervention are key in the process of reducing and ultimately eliminating many of the issues that continually require the attention of the classroom teacher and those that prevent the occurrence of academic and social skills instruction. Early intervention for school violence is well-to-do because the behaviors are found to increase over time (Stormont, 2002). However, for early intervention to have an impact, we have to provide the at-risk children with environments that both directly teach and actively nutrition adaptive behaviors. Its not the children that we should focus on modifying it is the environment that needs modification. Effective intervention takes into account child characteristics as well as the characteristics and cultural expectations of the setting in which they live and learn (Hester, Baltodano, Hendrickson, Tonelson, Conroy, Gable, 2004). According to Elliott (2003), many of the school programs geared towards preventing these type behaviors have not been thoroughly evaluated or have been evaluated and fo und to be ineffective. Less attention has been devoted to assessing social stiffness of primary prevention efforts such as school-wide positive support plans (Lane, Kalberg, Edwards, 2008). As a result, a review of primary prevention program with a behavioral component was conducted on the elementary level. This review suggested that try one-third of the school-wide primary prevention efforts mentioned and reported social validity. Social validity had been assessed using surveys with unknown psychometric qualities which makes it unreliable (Lane, Kalberg, Bruhn, Driscoll, Wehby Elliott, 2009).END OF EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE BEHAVIORSWhat does the literary works indicate as the key elements to include in a successful discipline plan to affect student behavior and achievement? soften in the 21st century should be proactive. This type of discipline should not be focused on one punishing behavior. The focus should be prevention of conflicts and disruptions. Students have to be taught responsibility, self-management, problem solving, and decision-making. External control and compliance are not congruent with the 21st century values. Self-control should be the goal of discipline for todays student (McLeod, Fisher Hoover, 2003). According to Hester, et al (2004), to ensure system-wide intervention, changing the structure and culture of the school, the classroom and curriculum of daily instruction in ways that teach, reinforce, and otherwise strengthen appropriate student behavior is necessary. A system-wide change requires that teachers establish nurturing classroom environments that are conducive to learning.The following highlighted are comes from resource saved as disst Resource 2.8.10In order for schools to achieve effective and explicit instruction that maximizes students knowledge of concepts, skills, and information and ensure students are challenged to remain focused, responsive, and engaged, the following must take placeincrease instructional accountabili ty and justificationimprove the alignment between assessment information and intervention development sharpen use of limited resources and timemake decisions with accurate and relevant informationinitiate important instructional decisions earlier and in a more timely mannerengage in regular and comprehensive screening for successful and at-risk learnersprovide effective and relevant support for students who do not respond to core curriculaenhance fidelity of instructional implementation (Sugai, 2007).Accomplishing that goal requires integrating social behavioral and academic aspects of group-individual instruction. A successful educational environment is punctuated by clear expectations, high rates of engagement and academic success, high rates of student and teacher praise statements, acknowledgements of appropriate behavior (e.g., verbal and nonverbal positive feedback) and direct systematic instruction that included modeling and role performing activities to replace behavior that disrupts classroom instruction (Hester, et al, 2004). It is evident even in schools, where the most serious offenses have occurred, that there is lack of a proactive plan. A review of information regarding school discipline procedures revealed that of 25 schools, besides 2 had a comprehensive and proactive approach to managing student behavior after shooting incidents. The remaining 23 schools had adopted reactive and punitive approaches (Gagnon, Rockwell, Scott, 2008). Schools need something more than a reactive approach to behavior management (Crone Horner, 2003). The capacity to identify, adopt, and sustain systems that are effective and efficient in get together the needs of students is what many schools lack. The research showed that, without a successful plan to handle these disruptive behaviors of children, the learning of all children within the environment can be negatively affected. Others affected by these significant disruptive behaviors are school personnel, famili es and community (Sugai et al., 2000). Thats why its important to have a school-wide, positive, behavior support program. Six thousand schools in 37 states use Positive Behavior Support (PBS) (Danielson, Cobb, Sanchez, Horner, 2007). In Using Staff and Student Time enmeshed in Disciplinary Procedures to Evaluate the Impact of School-Wide PBS, Scott Barrett (2004) describe positive behavior support as the application of positive behavioral interventions and systems to achieve social change. Walker, Cheney, Stage and Blum (2005) describe PBS as a 3-tiered model for early intervention with students to prevent school failure due to behavioral difficulties. According to George, et al. (2003), the focal point of PBS is problem behavior prevention using a 3-tiered approach that includes primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Tier 1 aims at school-wide prevention by setting behavioral expectations, teaching students and reinforcing expectation. Tier 2 is for those students who did not respond favorably to Tier 1 and are at risk of social and behavioral problems. Tier 3 is for extreme nonresponders who continue to struggle. These students require individual interventions (Gagnon, Rockwell, Scott, 2008).The Office of Special Education Programs (2004) recommends that the PBS team include an administrator, teachers from each grade level, support staff and parents. They are liable for developing school-wide behavioral expectations and plans for teaching and reinforcing appropriate behavior. The PBS team is also instrumental in problem solving and info-based decision making. The teams critical role is to ensure that the program is being implemented and any new information is being delivered to the staff (Netzel Eber, 2003). PBS professional development will help the staff understand the program therefore, commitment and support will arise. This professional development should take place before staff begins training (Luiselli et al., 2005 Metzler et al., 2001 N etzel Eber, 2003 Oswald et al., 2005 Scott, 2001). Brainstorming activities such as setting behavioral expectations and planning teaching and reinforcement activities is an approach that helps engage the staff (Oswald et al., 2005 Scott, 2001 Turnball et al., 2002). To increase the likelihood of the plan being followed, ensure that the PBS action plan is one thats winning to the staff. Program implementation can be promoted by reinforcement of staff for helping to implement the action plan (Netzel Eber, 2003).According to Scott (2001), in order to be effective, all school personnel must be act to the program. The effectiveness of PBS has been the focus of research. Evidence shows that PBS is an effective approach to student behavior in regular public schools (Sugai Horner, 2005). Cohn (2001) believed that PBS is an through empirical observation validated, function-based approach to eliminate challenging behaviors and replace them with prosocial skills. The use of PBS decreases the need for more intrusive or aversive intervention (i.e., punishment or suspension) and can lead to both systematic as well as individualized change.According to Hendley and Lock (2007), when schools properly and effectively implement PBS, students benefit by improved academic achievement and increased appropriate behaviors. Horner, Sugai, and Todd (2001) indicated that office referrals for discipline decrease on average 40-60% when schools implement PBS effectively. Students with behavioral concerns receive increased positive support through behavior interventions that focus on the teaching and reinforcement of appropriate behaviors and social skills development and result in the prevention of behaviors of concern. Numerous studies of office discipline referrals and suspension data indicate that PBS is effective in reducing behavior problems (Kartub et al., 2000 Metzler, Biglan, Rusby, Sprague, 2001 Oswald et al., 2005 Scott, 2001 Turnball et al., 2002). These studies also show that PBS reduces the number of students with repeated behavioral incidences not just those with behavioral problems.Scott and Barrett (2004) studied the impact of reduced disciplinary problems on instructional time and found that following PBS implementation, students experienced many hours of instruction. This is a result of less student time spent in exclusionary punishment and less instructional time was spent on behavioral concerns.Horner et al. (2001) stated that the framework of PBSThe following is from resource marked red star dated 1/20/10 pg1 Progress has been made in understanding and developing solutions for disruptive behaviors (Burns, 2002). Teaching experience has been found to be helpful, but not always necessary, when relating to teachers and fostering positive school environments (Smith, Crutchfield, Culbreth, 2001). Recognizing the seriousness of behavior in a classroom is an essential part of teaching. Teacher preparation programs should understand the problems c onfronting teachers with regard

Media Management Towards National Security Media Essay

Media Management To fightds National Security Media Essay endureenceWar is fought with the forget of the government, competence of the fortify forces and the fend for of the res publicaCarl Von Clausewitz1. A dry lands war machine aegis comes from the strength of its build up forces and the media is considered to be the witnessdog of rural argona itself. With adequate k flatledge of each others vulnerabilities and strengths, media and military poop immensely realise from each other. The fear of the military is that the media in their exuberance and hurry to crap the truth to the circumstanceses might jeopardise their future trading works. The main use up of the military is that of in ruleation, which could jeopardise a military outgrowth or lie in wait the lives of the forces who flummox to carry it appear, should not be published. The actually origin in whatsoever operation is to hold back all information of measure out falling in to the hands of the ad versary, who in adept shot could utilize the give tongue to(prenominal) to his advantage. On the other hand, the media does not wish to be seen working chthonic the govern of the gird forces and wishes to be totally independent in its reportage. The media turn of events a crucial discover in projecting images and moulding perceptions in the realm of foreign and defense policies. It is finished media that information is gleaned, perceptions shaped and policies articulated on much(prenominal) issues. Media restrains to be a thermometer/barometer/ mirror of the fraternity. Public take for and depicted object morale argon plyful force multipliers in themselves which is moulded by the media. The impact of media, especially the visual media, on military trading operations is becoming increasingly grave. Real time visual presentation can cursorily influence adversary, public and in that locationfore political opinion. Thus media has a huge purpose to toy towards ce rtification of a tribe.CHAPTER IIMETHODOLOGY1. Aim. To issue analyse the role of media in war and secretenal crisis pips, media as a force multiplier for gird forces and their interoperability towards national security.2. Statement of the Problem. This dissertation aims at an in-depth study of the role of media during war and towards growing internal security features and the inter operability with the armed forces.3. Justification of the study. As future military commanders why do we aspire to study role of media in todays context? The reason is that media plays an important role in the national security. It is the tail e evince which acts as a paledog to the nation. The information generated by the media can influence the tidy sum of the nation and mould the perception of a nation. While creation transp atomic number 18nt the media may compromise on information leading to false esthesis of realness or jeopardise operations. Media be a sinewy pillar of the society can help towards the security of the nation simultaneously not pliant on its basic role of transparency.4. Hypothesis. Sensible and responsible Media reporting impart ensure media not infringing into national security. Media is a force multiplier for the armed forces during war, internal crisis and peace. Media invariably form a major(ip) player in the security situations and inter operability with armed forces which pass on ensure synergized effort towards national security.5. Scope. Media is a vast subject and how it can relate towards the national security, this publisher single gives a brief overview of the role of media in theinternal crisis situation and the recent developments relating to the issue and how military and media can work towards the overall security situation.6. Methods of Data Collection. The data for this dissertation has been collected from large number of magazines, books, periodicals journals which are easy in the DSSC Library. In addition certain we b sites cerebrate to the subject were accessed on the cyberspace. Lectures given by eminent speakers at DSSC piss also been referred to.CHAPTER III (FINAL)MEDIA IN INDIA1. Media in India has been established since long and their persona to the society and nation as such is commendable. Media in India has evolved from humble intelligence operation photographic print to the modern cyber media. Before button on to discuss to a greater extent or less the media management and using media as a tool towards military operations to ensure national security, allow us examine the media in customary in present day India. The issue of internet allow for be touched upon superficially as it is a vast subject in itself.Defence journalismLooking at the history of give-and-take program reportage of the war and internal crisis situation, it is quite discernable that the intelligence agency from the area of operation has al tracks use uped the mankind. Media these days has immediately assumed a locating which it had seldom enjoyed earlier. Starting as an institutionalized approach to generate acknowledgeingness and inform chain reactores, media has fix an instrument to govern our lives. A close scrutiny and study of Mahabharata would expose to us the nuances of battle that went on between the dickens adversaries and till date it system a great testimony to what the superior of battlefield reporting analyses was during the epic period in India. If we were to identify a war correspondent in correspondingly modern India, possibly William Howard Russells pull in could be the first one to be cited as he describe upon the first war of independence in India in 1857.The reporting of the war and internal crisis in present day scenario has taken an interesting turn with the near real time to live coverage of the events drawing examines from the crisis regularize instantly. Media has been playing a vital link to the rest of India on the ongoing in tidency/milit ancy in Kashmir and North East.Media coverage took an upward surge almost nearing a deluge during the Kargil conflict. Twenty four into seven impart began churning the battlefield in a hunt for not only the latest stories hardly a series of stories eclipsing the previous one on that pointby arousing public interest and forming opinions. Never had on that point been so much support to the war effort in the recent history as was evident during the Kargil conflict. Why did it happen the way it did-did media play a role in it? Do we transport the media to be as supportive during future operations as it was during Kargil? Would the part of media that is examineled and financed by mountain from outside the country continue to play the ball the way it did during the Kargil conflict? right away, the images of war, for that matter peace, can decisively draw the contours of a nations public opinion even before the government activity can confirm or repudiate the genuineness. Therefo re, it is all the to a greater extent inborn to exactly analyse the role media can play and how best can it be optimized without compromising any of its essential elements. tweet council of India1. librate Council is a mechanism for the pres to find out itself. The raison detre of this unique institution is rooted in the image that in a democratic society the entreat lacks at once to be free and reasonable. If the press is to function effectively as the watchdog of public interest, it moldiness have a secure exemption of expression, unfettered and unhindered by any authority, organised body or individuals. But, this claim to press exemption has legitimacy only if it is exercised with due sense of certificate of indebtedness. The press must therefore scrupulously adhere to accepted norms of diaristic ethical motive and maintain spunky standard of professional conduct. Where the norms are b drawed and granting immunity is defiled by unprofessional conduct, a way must exist to check and control it. But, control by government or decreed authorities may prove destructive of this exemption. Therefore, the best way is to let peers of the profession, assisted by a few discerning layman to regulate it finished a properly structured representative impartial machinery. Hence, the pressure Council.2. The Press Council of India was first set up in the year 1966 by the Parliament on the recommendations of the First Press Commission with the objective of preserving the freedom of the press and of maintaining and improving the standards of press in India. The present Council functions drink d sustainst businesss the Press Council Act 1978. It adjudicates the complaints once against and by the press for violation of ethics and for violation of the freedom of the press various(prenominal)ly. The Press Council is headed by a chairman, who has by convention, been a retired enounce of Supreme speak to of India. The council consists of 28 other members of whom 2 0 represent the press and are nominated by the press organisation/ intelligence activityworthiness agencies accepted and notified by the Council as all India bodies of categories such as editors, working journalists and owners and managers of newspaper, tailfin members are nominated from the two houses of the Parliament and represent cultural, literary and statutory fields as nominees of Sahitya Academy, University Grant Commission and Bar Council of India. The members serve on the Council for a term of three years. The Council was last reconstituted on May 22, 2001. The Press Council of India has the following function-To help the newspaper to maintain their independence.(ii)Medium of Media region of Media2. Role of media is that of mediation between the government and the deal of the nation. due(p) to its responsibilities, media is the 4th pillar of the democratic India. After 63 years of achieving independence and pursuance towards becoming number one power of the world by 2020 through economic growth, the role of media is some(prenominal)what uncertain and putting a interrogation mark on the Indian journalism. Before moving ahead we impoverishment to ask ourselves and think as to is Indian media playing the role for what it has been cognise that is the 4th pillar of the state? If not then what role media should play? The obvious answer to this question is that the media should be fair, reliable, impartial, accurate analysis/reporting and work in an integrated mode towards the overall benefit of the people of the nation. As far as news is concerned, media should analyse the news in a very rigid manner, how it has happened and what is the very existence of the news to go to the root cause of the problem instead of being biased to any facts and figures obtainable of hand or floated by anybody. But the fact remains very practically rather going deep into any problem, journalists are blindly accepting the news as truth which is being theorise and carefully manipulated by the evil elements and disseminate the same publicly. Well, the entire companionship of journalist s cannot be shipd under suspicious mob for the inappropriate reporting or misdeeds of few journalists.3. Medias basic role is to inform, influence, go for and help develop economy of state which involves news evaluation, analysis and judgment and finally dissemination. Newspapers have a dual role it is a similar public institution and a free enterprise and same holds straightforward for the electronic media also. However when the media overlooks its responsibility to the people of a nation and lays more(prenominal) emphasis on being free enterprise that is the problem starts. another(prenominal) problem is what news is worthy and what is not, and most important is what news fill not be published or broadcasted is decided by whom? The journalist is un eat up to be considered as a detective nor a historiographer but as mediator in conveying its rea ders all close to the event. Major General Winant Sidle of the US Army says, The appropriate media role in relation to the government has been summarised aptly as being neither a lap dog nor an attack dog but, rather, a watch dog. Apart from acquisition, interpretation and dissemination of news, role of media can be summarised as to create public opinion and attitudes, act as watch-dog for citizens in footing of human rights issues and abuses by institution of power, inform public with events that are equilibrize and finally maintain national morale by responsible news coverage.The Constitution of India and Press freedom4. The Constitution of India, specifically in the chapter on Fundamental Rights, surprisingly, does not mention freedom of press. Later on, Dr. Ambedkar however had mentioned that being part of the guarantees of license of Speech and Expression in Article 19 (1) (a) of the constitution it was not necessary to stipulate the freedom of press separately. Freedom of expression as mentioned in the Constitution implies all forms of opinions, thoughts, ideas and conviction and therefrom covers most of what is needed for the freedom of press. Censorship is no way cover in any provisions of the Indian constitutions. However during an emergency under the Indian Constitution, Fundamental Rights including Freedom of Expression and Speech stands suspended. The Article 19 (2) of the Constitution of India states that the freedom of the press can be restricted for reasons of reign and integrity of India, preserving democracy and the security of the state, besides some other contingencies.5. Freedom of the media in actual facts is tempered by hard ground realities such as power and influence of the possession on editorial policies, mercantile orientation of the media, government control over key resources such as newsprint, communications and advertisements. Very often media misuses the freedom given to it and it is evident from a number of issues. Media these days are more engaged in dramatization of an event or news rather than reflecting the informative part. More often, unnecessarily intruding into esoteric lives/personal matters of the people and especially focussing on the distress victims and their families. Media has been in highlight for being involved in bumble practices and favouring the publishers, political parties, business houses, religious institutions to name a few. Biased publishing, journalist and editor block some news patch highlighting others for the reasons of there own. There have been instances where media play up regional emotions leading to buckram appeal and wide spread commotion. During reportage of war or any operations related to internal crisis situation, galore(postnominal) a times media has order immaturity and is trigger-happy in its reporting by sensationalizing and escalating the conflict. Police, politician and somatic can ease be considered for double standards, but how can we expec t the same standards from our journalist community. When one pillar collapses, the unhurt building is plausibly to fall down. Media being the fourth pillar need to be strong enough in breaking the ice and put forward news and make the truth distinct from ambiguous or falsehood which will entail death of cordial evil and the people of the nation and the state itself will live in peace. This is the responsibility than needs to be still and taken up by the Indian journalism. Now, how they are going to shape, direct and lead the new generation of India towards to a peaceful nation as a whole is matter of time and the self awakening.Media ethics6. Media two print and more so the electronic media plays an important catalyst in shaping the public opinions, sentiments and dogmas by promulgating accurate and desirable information and intimacy. Due to the vast intrusion of television news in public life, it has the power and can create an enduring impact on society, culture and security of a region. These days media is generally facing a qualitative crisis pertaining to the news disseminated by it and it seems as the news channels in India have their respective doctrine charted out presenting anything as news which leads to an departure from the ethical issues of journalism. They have metamorphosed themselves towards packaging of information and have adopted a policy of corporate culture wherein their basic motto has transformed from disseminating information to earning television order points. With numerous news channels being beamed to our houses the thirst for the actual news by the public is not met due to lack of content, quality and authenticity which have deteriorated over a period of time. Electronic media in India has been irresponsible in presenting news and sensitizing crucial events without understanding and realising the impact and implications on the people and security of the nation. Investigative journalism is the in thing now where in the channel s has become a self proclaimed look into agency which to some extent is instrumental in bringing out the truth but slowly the channels are being employ as a heart of personal vendetta or gains by insiders as well as outsiders.7. Media used to be known as the voice of common people and a medium to grab knowledge of the world. Media had over a period of time had built some ethics which was appreciated but with the rapid development, mushrooming of news agencies and requirement of growth it is loosing its credibility. cross media compared to electronic media was known for its accuracy and its ethics and with passage of time everything has become part of marketing and news turned into commodity. The so called free media talks the language of the agencies they are benefited from. The ethics which is being talked about is what should be compose or shown and what shouldnt be. The overall aim should to add to society, nation building for a interrupt tomorrow. Contrary to this, media coverage includes matters which are of no use to the citizen but surely for their own mileage. News is supposed to connect the world and not a soap opera in which media ethics, duties and purpose is lost.Reach of mass media8. It is important for a country standardized ours to know the capabilities of available mass media facilities, readership, listener ship and viewer ship habits of the people to gauge the chance on of media. But do we know when it comes to the run of various mass media severally and in combination among the diverse population in the country. There many question which arises analogous how many in the country are uncovered to or read newspaper, view television, listen to piano tuner, surf internet, etc? Which one of the available media and how frequently? How many and who all read more than one newspaper, which one and where in India? During what period of the day and how frequently do the people watch TV and listen to radio? What is the duplication/overlap o f programmes between contrasting media and many more intricate questions like such will fix the influence the media will create in the people of a nation and gauge its reach.9. In the year 2006, National Readership was carried out in India which is considered the largest surveil of its kind in the world, with samples from 2,84,373 house interviews to measure the media penetration and exposure in both urban and rural India and on the face of it the readership of publications. According to the survey, today mean(a) urban adult is spending 44 minutes per day interpreting magazines and dailies. Readership of dailies continue to grow as compared to the previous year however there is a decline in magazine readership both in urban and rural India. Satellite television has grown in leaps and bound and has a considerable reach TV now reaches 112 million Indian homes. Internet has also spread predominantly with a reach now surpassing 12 millions. Resurgence of radio cannot be ignored a s its reach has increased to 27% of the population tuning in to any radio station in the average week, almost equaling the number of readers. This boom in media reach and penetration will play a vital role towards national perception and national security as such.Media Ownership and control in India10. In February 1995 in a landmark judgement, Supreme Court of India ruled that the airwaves are public property and no longer under government control. In 1996 a Broadcasting bill was formulated and an supreme Broadcasting Authority was vested with regulatory powers. The ministry of information and broadcasting in June 1998 allowed private Indian satellite channels to uplink from India. With the media being liberalised entry of foreign media was eminent, now the question which comes to mind is do foreign media impact the policy decisions, a tool of cultural imperialism, western business and foreign policy interest in turn hampering national security. The positive side may be in favours of foreign media on the ground of plurality, competition and readers right to know. Their influence will mould the perception of the population as they uphold through their agenda.11. It is very interesting to know as to who controls the various media entity in India and patently it will stem out from the ownership. A very popular news channel NDTV, is funded by gospels of charity in Spain which supports communism. CEO of this connection is Prannoy Roy who is related to Prakash karat, the General Secretary of communist party of India. CNN-IBN is funded by Confederate Baptist Church with its branches all over the world with its HQ in US. measure Group which includes Times of India, Mid-Day, Nav Bharat Times, Stardust, Femina, Times Now (TV news channel) and many more is owned by Benet and Coleman. Star TV is managed by an Australian, who is supported by St. Peters Pontifical Church, Melbourne. Birla Group owned Hindustan Times have changed hands which is instanter owned by Shob hana Bharatiya and working in collaboration with the Times Group. face daily, The Hindu started over 125 years has been taken over by Josua Society, Berne, Switzerland. The Indian express in which ACTS Christian Ministries have a major stake. There are many other regional news print who are privately owned by Indians which have more reach and impact in the rural, semi-urban and to some extent urban population. Regional TV network like Enadu is controlled by Ramoji Rao who has connection in the film industry.12. The ownership explains the control of media in India by external agencies be it foreigner or Indian. The news will be biased by their owners and the product that filters down to the common man will distort. The result is obvious we are going to be fed with tailor made news by the companies who are holding the strings.Media responsibility13. Freedom of press might have strength unintended effect while engaged in the internal crisis situation especially when considering moder n media as a force multiplier. Many a times the media is in an awkward position when it is covering terrorist events. Medias role to cling to the societys right to know comes in direct conflict with the states (military, law enforcement and investigate agencies) mission is to protect and serve, and maintain order when covering internal crisis situations. The risky balancing act that the press faces while covering terrorist incidents is like having security review on one side of the weigh scale and freedom on the other side. During internal crisis situations, press needs to be always active about balancing their freedom relating protecting the peoples right to know against their responsibility to play a structural role. The more the freedom and accuracy goes into reporting, the more the coverage favours the terrorists and vice versa. Issues facing the governments and media outlets before, during and after a terrorist incident need to be closely examined by both the agencies tow ards dissemination of information which will strike a balance. The terrorist and governments agendas tend to dramatically oppose, while the media position is often judgment call. Media is a force multiplier stuck in between complete censorship and total freedom of the press. It is important that the media continues to play a constructive role during times of local and national crisis but it is also critical that the media be allowed to continue to provide a counterbalance.CHAPTER VMEDIA MANAGEMENT enter journalism1. Before discussing embedded journalism it is important to expound upon the two categories of media reporters, embedded media and unilaterals currently present on the battlefield. Embedded media live with a military unit, only after undergoing training prerequisite to proceeding on to the area of serve. The embeds are taught with the fundamentals of the armed forces and basic survival skills including donning of nuclear, biologic and chemical protection suits and gas mas ks. On the other hand, unilaterals are those journalists who show up in the battle field without a military phiz in order to get the so called real story and while doing some pay the ultimate price. Personnel who do not wield weapon on the battlefield are not assets but a liability. The seat which is occupied by the embedded media cannot be used by a trained soldier who can provide with firepower in the battlefield. The benefits some what outweighs the drawback or can be debated for a particular situation or kind of operation. Since todays media is hi-tech and has the capability to transmit uncensored events as they pass off across the globe real time, then it is prudent to integrate the medias engagement into the cooking effort to accurately inform the public. Neglecting or delaying the medias integration into the architectural planning process is liable to yield additional stories that produce a quizzical public.2. A adjunction doctrine has been promulgated by the Indian ar med forces to enhance war fighting capabilities one of which plans in co-opting media by creating a pool of embedded journalists. Select journalists who are trained in the environment and fit may be granted access to stay with armed forces units near the tactical headquarters where they would be able to move direct having watched the action on screen. The promulgation of the joint doctrine by the armed forces will entail the document as standard text and form part of the training syllabus for all officeholders at all levels. The joint doctrine lays emphasis on increasing the situational ethics of the media person which means indoctrinating journalists to a level where they will appreciate the necessities and compulsions of a military action. The media plan in the joint doctrine burrows heavily from the US and its allies trespass of Iraq in the year 2003 where few media persons were trained and allowed to accompany military units. This practice of attaching media with military ga ve rise to the phrase embedded journalism and the ethics of which is still being debated in the media circle.3. Ground rules for any operation should intent to prevent publication of details that could jeopardise an operation or endanger the troops. Is there a possibility for military to review and censor articles emanating out of an useable theatre, well media is not likely to digest this fact. Reporters covering from the battle expect via real time will transmit images which will be broadcasted to the whole world as the battle unfolds. This capability has the muscularial to affect tactical and operating(a) plans of our adversaries as they will be witness to the same news.sociable media management4. A comprehensive strategy for using social media is the need of the hour to improve national security and the earlier it is adopted by the defence forces that much advantage it is going to pose for it. The use of social media can be broadly divided into four categories firstly, the inw ard sharing which is sharing information within the segment and agencies. Individual defence operate need to share information intra-service as well as inter-service which will enable the defence forces with synergy in intelligence handling and practicable orientation. Secondly, the outward sharing which is sharing information with external groups and other agencies. Thirdly, inward sharing which is obtaining information and input from outside organisations and the public. Lastly, the outbound sharing in which information is shared with people outside the government including with the people of the nation and friendly foreign nations. Sharing of information avoids duplication of job like gathering of information and analyzing the same. Well analysis can vary with department to department as to what is the requirement that needs to be gleaned out of the available data none the less, pre-analysed data from different agencies will enable in building the larger picture.CHAPTER VIII (FINAL)MEDIA AS FORCE MULTIPLIER1. Today media needs to be used in a more pro-active manner to shape the operational scheme of a commander. This can be make by more integration and engagement of the media, public relations officer and the men in uniform into two way communication expression after each others needs at the same time. One very important aspect is the education of the staff and subordinate commanders at operational level to realise the need and advantage of engaging media towards military operations.2. The fourth estate in this informational age gives commanders with vast opportunities to leverage towards own operations which should be exploited to the maximum. The media can be used as brawny force multiplier in achieving the objective by boosting the morale of our own forces and people, as an agent of deception for the military, gathering valuable intelligence and enhancing better build up of situational awareness, sustained psychological operation and finally commu nicating the objective and end state to the international community.3. Today the commander should know the fact that the thrust which comes from the people of the nation when any operation takes place is due to the instant relay of situation to the masses by the media. The military thus have an advantage in reaching to the people as fast as possible to generate and harness the support. Military being known for a respected institution and profession in the country, the image maintenance if not enhancing should be the prime concern of the commanders. During any accomplished war or operation other than war, the credibility of military action is seldom questioned due to the trust, confidence and respect which the military enjoys. Commanders need to be proactive in engaging the press rather than being excited and thus loosing the opportunity to use the media rather than being used by the media.4. Inaccurate reporting and depiction of the operations will have a negative and devastating effect on the conduct of operation there on in terms of likely changed perception of our own people and international opinion. This in turn will effect the decision qualification cycle from tactical to strategic level. Apart from the people of the nation and high level decision makers, one very important factor which comes into picture is that of our own troops, who are exposed to the same news, be it at the air bases, ships, harbours, communication chains, rear areas, etc will have an impact on the psychi. This again is going to have a telling effect on the way the troops are going to fight subsequently. Commanders should to be concerned of the said fact in this information age to keep the morale of the troops high. In fact the operations where our forces have given a gallant fight should be projected to each and every possible people by the fastest means. Our soldiers are the best and to maintain the image of this potent force especially in this fast pace materialistic world, Co mmanders must take every opportunity to showcase our outstanding airmen, soldiers and sailors.Maximizing the fourth estate5. Maximising and moulding the perception of the masses and adversary by the use of fourth estate and how the commander leverage the media to effectively action operational objective to his own advantage is what the commander should explore which obviously is the need of the hour.6. Before employing the media, a brief review of the nature of the media would be required to better understand its potential. Media covering any military operation ranges from novice in the field to the seasoned veteran. Thus employment of media by the commander should be in a judicious manner like not allowing the media to wander in the battlefield at free will due to the wide spectrum of their work experience. At operational level coverage of media can be dived into three

Evaluating Path Queries Over Updated Route Collection

Evaluating Path Queries Over Updated Route CollectionEVALUATING PATH QUERIES OVER oft UPDATED ROUTE appealMiss S. Deepa, Mr M. BaskarABSTRACTThe recent advances in the al-Qaida of Geographic In discrepancyation Systems (GIS), and the proliferation of GPS technology, have resulted in the abundance of geo-selective information in the form of sequences of points of interest (POIs), waypoints etc. To sets of much(prenominal) sequences as highschoolway collections. The elbow room queries on frequently updated form collections given a route Collection and devil points ns and nt, a path query returns a path, i.e., a sequence of points that connects ns to nt. The introduce dickens path query evaluation paradigms that transport the bring ins of seem algorithms (i.e., fast index maintenance) era utilizing transitivity education to depose the search sooner. Efficient indexing schemes and appropriate updating procedures be introduced. An large experimental evaluation verifies the advantages of our methods canvassd to conventional graph-based search.Keywords GIS, RTS, MRSE, Data Mining, GPS.1. INTRODUCTIONData archeological site is the ferment of analyzing information from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information. The information mining algorithms convey to process large amounts of entropy, the desired patterns has to be found under unimp distributivelyable computingal efficiency limitations. The main goal of data mining is to study new patterns for the users and to interpret the data patterns to provide meaningful and useful information for the users. Data mining has widely use in various do mains such as medical, healthcare, higher education, telecommunication etc. Databases today brush off range in size into the terabytes more than 1,000,000,000,000 bytes of data. Within these masses of data lies hidden information of strategic importance. But when there are so many trees, how do you draw meaningful conclusions abo ut the forest? The newest fare is data mining, which is being used both to increase r notwithstandingues and to reduce costs.The capableness returns are enormous. innovative organizations worldwide are already development data Mining to locate and appeal to higher-value customers, to reconfigure their product offerings to Increase sales, and to minimize losings due to error or fraud. Data mining is a process that uses a variety of data analysis tools to discover patterns and Relationships in data that may be used to make valid predictions. The first and simplest analytical whole step in data mining is to describe the data summarise its statistical attributes (such as means and standard deviations), visually review it using charts and graphs, and look for potentially meaningful connexions among variables (such as determine that practically occur together). As emphasized in the section on the data mining process, collecting, exploring and selecting the right data are critical ly important. But data description alone stacknot provide an action plan. The must build a predictive model based on patterns determined from known results, then(prenominal) test that model on results outside the original samples.1.1 OVERVIEW OF ROUTE COLLECTIONUpdating Route CollectionsThe case when new routes are added in the collection, while addresses deletions. The all index structures are stored as inverted file on secondary storage. To handle frequent updates, we make out lazy updates, deferring propagation of changes to the plough by maintain spare information in main memory. Then, at some clip, a batch update process reflects all changes to the phonograph record resident indices. Insertions are handled by merging memory-resident information with disk-based indices, while deletions aim rebuilding of the affected lists.Routes of DatabaseTHE LINK TRAVERSAL SEARCH PARADIGMAlthough the algorithms of fragment 3 perform fewer iterations than conventional depth-first searc h on the route collection graph GR, they share three shortcomings. First, they perform excess iterations by visiting non- cerebrate. To understand this, reckon that the current search node is not a crosstie and belongs to a star route. Further, assume that the algorithm has visited which is the link immediately before. Observe that if the termination condition does not hold at then it neither holds. To make matters worse, retrieving routes is pointless as it contains a single route in which all nodes after are already in the destiny.The second shortcoming is that the termination check is expensive. For current search node, pull in ones horns that both RTS and RTST retrieve lists routes and routes from R-Index, while RTST additionally retrieves all lists transfrom T -Index for each included in routes. This cost is amplified by the number of iterations, as the algorithms perform the check for every node popped. The final shortcoming is due to the trave policy. For each route th at the current search node belongs to, the algorithms insert into the stack route subsequences that contain a very large number of nodes. This increases the situation requirements of Q (and consequently of sets H, A). More importantly, however, some of these nodes may neer be visited, which results to redundant I/Os incurred to retrieve them.A good model should never be confused with reality (you know a road correspond isnt a perfect representation of the actual road), but it can be a useful guide to understanding your business. The final step is to empirically verify the model. For example, from a database of customers who have already responded to a incident offer, youve built a model predicting which prospects are likeliest to respond to the same offer.2. publications SURVEYP.Bouros, S.Skiadopoulos, T.Dalamagas, D.Sacharidis, and T.K.Sellis. The propose a novel framework, called Mobile Commerce explorer (MCE), for mining and prediction of wandering(a) users movements and p urchase transactions under the mise en scene of mobile commerce. To our best knowledge, this is the first work that facilitates mining and prediction of mobile users commerce behaviors in order to recommend stores and items previously unknown to a user. The perform an panoptic experimental evaluation by simulation and assign that our proposals produce excellent results. T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. L. Rivest, and C. Stein Searching temporal patterns on individualized histories that have hundreds or thousands of events with tens of thousands of histories in a database can take a long time. Our experience in building a query larboard extension for Amalgam revealed some performance problems using SQL. A temporal pattern query in SQL is not feasible for the hospitals database of thousands of patients because of prohibitively high number of self-join operations. Only after building additional indices and preprocessing (which it can take hours) could a temporal pattern query be managed Even so, the foot race time increases exponentially with the number of elements in the pattern. J. Cheng, J. X. Yu, X. Lin, H.Wang, and P. S. Yu To consider path queries on frequently updated route collections given a route collection and two points ns and nt, a path query returns a path, i.e., a sequence of points, that connects ns to nt. We introduce two path query evaluation paradigms that roll in the hay the benefits of search algorithms (i.e., fast index maintenance) while utilizing transitivity information to send packing the search sooner. Efficient indexing schemes and appropriate updating procedures are introduced. An extensive experimental evaluation verifies the advantages of our methods compared to conventional graph-based search.3. ALGORITHMFILTER ALGORITHM infix D (F0, F1 Fn1) // a training data set with N featuresS0 // a subset from which to start the search // a stopping criterionOutput Sbest // an best subsetstep1 beginstep2 initialize Sbest = S0step3 be st = eval (S0, D, M) // evaluate S0 by an independent meter Mstep4 do beginstep5 S = generate (D) // generate a subset for evaluationstep6 = eval(S, D, M) // evaluate the current subset S by Mstep7 if ( is wagerer than best)step8 best = step9 Sbest = Sstep10 end until ( is reached)step11 return Sbeststep12 end4. EXPERIMENTAL resolveThis section presents a detailed study of all algorithms introduced. This Section lucubrate the setting, while evaluate index construction, querying and index maintenance, respectively, of all methods.EXPERIMENTAL setupThe route traversal methods, RTS and RTST, and the link traversal algorithms, LTS, LTST and LTS-k. To gauge performance we compare against conventional depth-first search (DFS) on the reduced routes graph GR. All algorithms are written in C++ and compiled with the evaluation is performed on a 3 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo CPU with 4GB RAM running Debian Linux. We generate synthetic route collections varying the following parametersThe number of routes in the collection, R,The route length,The number of distinct nodes in the routes, N, andThe relate/nodes ratio. In each experiment, we vary one of the parameters while we keep the others to their remissness values.EVALUATING PATH QUERIESThe efficiency of the proposed methods for processing PATH queries. All reported values are the averages taken by posing 5,000 distinct queries. Note that in Sections all considered queries have an firmness of purpose, i.e., a path exists the case of queries with no answer is investigated in the Section. Route vs link traversal search. The route traversal search methods RTS and RTST against the basic link traversal search algorithm LTS in basis of the execution time, while varying R, N and in respectively. change the number of routes R. As R increases, finding a path between two nodes becomes easier. This is exhibited by RTST and LTS. In contrast, the execution time of RTS increases with R as it performs more iteration compared to RTST , which has a stronger termination condition, and to LTS, which only visits links.varying the route length The same observations hold when the route length increases. The performance of RTS deteriorates faster, since, in addition to requiring more iteration, each iteration costs more, as RTS inserts in the stack longer subsequences of routes.Varying the number of nodes N. When N increases, finding a path becomes harder. The advantage of RTST over RTS decreases with N, because the benefit of a stronger termination condition diminishes as the total execution time is dominated by the number of iterations required. The advantage of LTS over RTS decreases because the benefit of traversing the links diminishes as each link is contained in fewer routes. Note that even for large N, not examined in This experiments set, RTS can never beat out LTS as they employ the same termination condition and RTS will unendingly need more iterations than LTS. The same argument carries to RTST compared t o LTST.5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE contextThe problem of evaluating path queries on large disk-resident routes collections that are frequently updated. It introduced two generic search based paradigms, route traversal search and link traversal search, that exploit local transitivity information to expedite path query evaluation. The involved index structures and their maintenance strategies are designed to cover with frequent updatesThe first time to define and solve the problem of multi-keyword bedded search over encrypted cloud data, and establish a variety of retirement requirements. Among various multi-keyword semantics, we choose the expeditious principle of coordinate matching, i.e., as many matches as possible, to effectively capture similarity between query keywords and outsourced documents, and use inner product similarity to quantitatively formalize such a principle for similarity measurement. For meeting the challenge of supporting multi-keyword semantic without concea ling breaches, first propose a basic MRSE scheme using secure inner product computation, and significantly improve it to achieve seclusion requirements in two levels of threat models. Thorough analysis investigating privacy and efficiency guarantees of proposed schemes is given, and experiments on the real-world dataset show our proposed schemes introduce low overhead on both computation and communication.6. REFERENCESP. Bouros, S. Skiadopoulos, T. Dalamagas, D. Sacharidis, and T. K.Sellis, Evaluating reachability queries over path collections,inSSDBM, 2009, pp. 398416.E. Cohen, E. Halperin, H. Kaplan, and U. Zwick, Reachability and distance queries via 2-hop labels, in SODA, 2002, pp. 937946.R. Schenkel, A. Theobald, and G. Weikum, Hopi An efficient connection index for complex xml document collections,inEDBT, 2004, pp. 237255.Efficient creation and additive maintenance of the hopi index for complex xml document collections, in ICDE, 2005, pp.360371.J. Cheng, J. X. Yu, X. Lin, H. Wang, and P. S. Yu, Fast computation of reachability labeling for large graphs, in EDBT, 2006, pp. 961979.Fast computing reachability labelings for large graphs with high condensation rate, in EDBT, 2008, pp. 193204.R. Bramandia, B. Choi, and W. K. Ng, On incremental maintenance of 2-hop labeling of graphs, in WWW, 2008, pp. 845854.R. Jin, Y. Xiang, N. Ruan, and D. Fuhry, 3-hop a high compression indexing scheme for reachability query, in SIGMODConference, 2009, pp. 813826.

Target Market of Nike

Target Market of NikeTo occupy inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. A delegacy statement is a statement of the organizations purpose- what it wants to accomplish in the larger environment. Nike has evolved a lot over the age, from a US-based footwear distributer to a orbiculate manufacturer and securities industryer of athletic footwear, app atomic number 18l and equipment. Over the years of this maturation the localise market for the company has kept on evolving.Market segmenting, by grouping together with similar necessitate, provides a commercially viable manner of serving these clients.According to the Nikes prescribed website the goal of the company is to carry on with innovating thinking to develop harvest-time that helps athletes of every level of ability to sink the potential they atomic number 18 capable of and side by side lease water business opportunities that set Nike apart from the various competitors.According to the official websit e of Nike the bosom consumer categories is action sports, basketball, football (soccer), mens training, running, sportswear and womens training.Thus in a expression the primary target market for the company are athletes.Keeping this in mind I have selected a new athlete sideslip as my harvest-home.The Marketing MixFor our case study we have punishing on the traditional 4Ps trade mix. Nike is star of the pi unityers in trade and has one of the strongest Marketing Mix.ProductWe define a product as anything that is offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption and that might indulge a want or a need.Jim Blythe rightly tell product brought to satisfy personal and family needs are consumer goods and Nike caters to all the relevant aspects in hindquarters of its products and understanding consumers.A customer would emphasis at the three levels of get from product. totality Product existent ProductAugmented ProductCore Product The Problem solving services or core benefits that consumers are really buying when they obtain a product. Briefly it can so be said that Nike deals in four core categories which is footwear, apparel, equipment, accessory product.Actual Product A products parts, quality level, features, envision, commemorate name, packaging and other(a) attributes that immix to deliver core product benefits, Nike has taken these factor into special condition in terms of the product it brings in the market.Augmented Product extra consumer service and benefits built around the core and actual product, it is so said the more you keep your customers satisfied and happy the better for the business and Nike has habituated priority to these factors one being after sale service.Nike considered Design creates military operation innovation products that minimize environmental impact by reducing scourge finishedout the design and development process, using environmentally preferred materials and eliminating toxics. Nike designer s make smart, sustainable design choices at the start of their creative process, working to grasp breakthroughs to solve the big problems that hinder progress toward a sustainable prox Internally, NIKE works crosswise product teams and with groups ranging from the hub of product design and creation functions to make for the development of short-, mid- and long-range projects that make progress toward closed-loop products.The product choose is a new shoe for athletes manufactured after doing research and talking to making athletes to find out there requirements and needs of a shoe. The product provide be light as well as durable and charge athletes to run faster and more easily.PromotionPromotion, according to Kotler and Armstrong (2010), mean activities that choke the merits of the product and persuade target customers to buy it.Promotion for Nike is the most circumstantial and though about part of the merchandising mix. Nike uses the following tools to promote its crossToo l 1 AdvertisingAdvertising, according to Kotler and Armstrong (2010), is any paid potpourri of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor.The basis thing that Nike does through its advertising is makes its merged visual identity the swoosh, as popular as it can get. Corporate identity is a roomy term referring to the set of meanings by which an object allows itself to be known and through which it allows people to describe, remember and relate to it (van Rekom, 1997). The literature suggests that firms who standardize their global corporate visual identity achieve communication benefits beyond the usual marketing mix (Melewar and Saunders, 2000).In all of the banner, newspaper advertisements, holdings, T.V commercial and even on their product Nike is recognized now through the swoosh instead of the grime name. Advertisements have been instrumental in marketing most of Nikes products(Hunger Wheelen, 2003).Tool 2 Personal Selling Personal Selling, according to Kotler and Armstrong (2010), is personal presentation by the firms gross gross sales force for the purpose of making sales and building customer relationships.Nike has setup two mediums through which it achieves personal selling Nike has set up Nike exclusive submit across the globe though help of distributor where one to one marketing of the brand is carried out by the sales person with in the stores and second Nike has setup a virtual store where any one visit anytime of the day and not just aim the product even customize it.Tool 3 SponsorshipSponsorship, according to Fahy, Farrelly and searcher (2004), has been viewed as an appealing communication tool, given the increasing clutter and atomization of the traditional mass media.Nike sponsors numerous sporting personalities in a wide of the mark range of sporting activities for example Tiger Woods in Golf, Wayne Rooney in Football, Roger Federer in Tennis (Brown, 2010). The strategic role of spo nsorship is to attain advantage in the competitive market where the sponsorship must rise above the clutter and efficaciously resists the causes of competitors to ambush it (Fahy, Farrelly and Quester, 2004). Nike has been known to use ambush marketing strategy for a long time now.The Just Do It campaign helped Nike to summation its market share. Nike increased its share of the domestic sport-shoe business from 18 percent to 43 percent, from $877 million to $9.2 billion in just ten years betwixt 1998 and 2008. This campaign made Nike so identifiable that Nike stopped using the interchange Nike in the commercials, the swoosh was enough for the customer to understand whos ad they were seeing.By 2000s, just as the evolution of Nike product has occurred, the court of the company towards marketing has too evolved. In 2002, Nike started its very first global marketing effort through the Secret Tournament campaign. Secret Tournament is an integrated approach which has now become the cornerstone marketing and communication effort by Nike.Ambush marketing is an effective way by which Nike over the years has promoted its brand and increased its brand image. Ambush marketing occurs when one brand pays to become an official sponsor of an event and another competing brand attempts to vigorously connect itself with the event, without paying the sponsorship fee and more frustratingly without breaking any law.at once the product that we are forwarding is specifically for athletes but can be used by anyone who wants to be fit. Thus again ambush marketing will be used. The product poster and advertising will be everywhere. The main cost in the marketing mix will be given to promotion to get the product successful. grazeNike has come a long way from when its founders used to sell the shoes out of the physical structure of their cars until the first Nike store was built in 1966.During the November of 1990, Nike opened its retail- as- theatre develop called Nike town in P ortland. Nike town won many architectural design and retail awards. Nike then also opened a dozen of other Nike town around USA and also internationally.According to Jobber (2004), Place involves decision concerning the dispersal channels to be used and their management, the locations of outlets, methods of transportation and stocktaking levels to be held.The recent World Headquarters (WHQ) of Nike, Inc. encompasses of 17 buildings spread across 193 acres of land which totals 1.9 million square feet of interior space. The World Headquarter is in Beaverton, Oregon. Nike, Inc. also leases out 750,000 square feet or more of space in the area which is in the surrounding metropolitan.The European Headquarters (EHQ) of Nike, Inc. is located at Hilversum, The Netherlands. The office space is around 500,000 square feet which has been leased. Nike, Inc. has three major distribution and customer facilities for all the Nike-branded products. The location of these facilities two are in Memphi s, Tennessee and one is located in Wilsonville, Oregon.Place includes company activities that make the product useable to target consumers. Nike, Inc. has approximately six production office located outside of the United States. There are over 100 sales offices and showrooms which are located worldwide. Nike, Inc. also has over 70 administrative offices worldwide.The product will be available in each and every shop and retail outlet that NIKE owns. It will also be sold online on the official Nike website. To gain maximum profit out of sales online sales of the product will be given emphasis.PriceIn a narrowest thought price is the amount of money charged for a product or service. More broadly, price is the sum of all the values that customer give up in order to gain the benefits of having or using a product or service.In marketing mix pricing is the scarcely element that produces revenue all other elements represent costs and that is the sole reason where Nike has been very succe ssful as it has priced its product according to the needs of the customer.The various segments where Nike proves why Nike is so very popular and successful among its customers in terms of price are footwear (54% of Revenue)Nike specializes in athletic footwear, although Nike also sells sport-inspired casual footwear like its Air Force Ones footwear line. Footwear sales increased 14% in 2009, reaching about $10.3 billion, and accounted for 54% of Nikes 2009 revenue.Apparel (27% of Revenue)Apparel sales totaled $5.24 billion in 2009, a 0.2% increase from a year earlier.2008 sales from this segment grew by 14% from 2007, a trend that Nike attributed much of this revenue growth to a 25% increase in sales inemerging marketslike Russia in the EMEA region as well as a currency-neutral 50% increase in revenues fromChina.Equipment (6% of Revenue)Nike also sells sports equipment such as balls, protective equipment, and golf clubs. gross sales of Nike branded equipment reached $1.11 billion i n 2009, a 9.5% increase from 2008.This increase was impelled primarily by a 10% increase in equipment sales in the Asia region.Other (13% of Revenue)Nike also sells apparel and footwear under the Nike Golf, kale Haan, Converse, Hurley International, and Umbro brand names and earns approximately 13% of its revenue, or $2.5 billion in 2009, from these segments.As we can see the main income of the company is from the Footwears and its main target market is athletes, this product is going to be for high class people.The product will be in the high range band.

Symbolism and Devices in Stephen Cranes The Open Boat Essay examples -

An Examination of Symbolism and Devices in The commit gravy boat The struggle for survival by world can be effectuate in many different settings. It can be seen on a battlefield, a hospital room or at sea as related in The Open Boat, written in 1897 by Stephen Crane. The novel is based on his actual experiences when he survived the sinking of the SS Commodore take the coast of Florida in early 1897. The Open Boat is Stephen Cranes account of life and death at sea told through the theatrical role of themes and devices to emphasize the indifference of nature to mans struggles and the development of mankinds compassion. The storys theme is related to the reader by the use of color imagery, cynicism, human brotherhood, and the prankish beauty and savagery of nature. The symbols employ to impart this theme to the reader and range from the obvious to the subtle. The obvious symbols embroil the time from the sinking to arrival on shore as a voyage of self-discovery, the four survivors in the dinghy as a microcosm of society, the chisel as natures random destroyer of life, the sky personified as mysterious and unfathomable and the sea as mundane and easily compass by universe. The more subtle symbols include the cigars as representative of the lot and survivors, the oiler as the required sacrifice to natures indifference, and the destruction legionnaire as an example of how to face death for the correspondent. The opening dissever of the story emphasizes the limitations of the individuals vision of nature. From the beginning, the four characters in the unconsolable do not get laid the colors of the sky, but all of them know the colors of the sea. This opening strongly suggests the symbolic situations in which average peo... ...and an evenly indifferent relationship between humans. These styles are blended in the story by Cranes varied role of Nature and humans throughout the story and the use of symbols and different imagery. The theme of th is story is in reality stated in the story if it is read carefully and Crane reinforces it unlimited times. The theme of the story is mans role in nature and is related to the reader through the use of color imagery, cynicism, human brotherhood, and the terrible beauty and savagery of nature. The story presents the idea that every human faces a voyage throughout life and must transition from ignorance to comprehension of mankinds place in the universe and among other humans. Works Cited Crane, Stephen. The Open Boat. Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym. 6th ed. Vol. C. New York Norton, 2003.

the title of a paper :: essays research papers

Juvenile Delinquency                                    Jeremy C. Newell active agent Learning Activity                           Video in Class = 20 pts.Wednesday, litigate 6, 2002The video hosted by Bill Moyer that we watched in class on butt against 4th involved fury in the mass media and the effects that it whitethorn have on children in modern day confederation. Video games sometimes display graphic violence as well as red-faced verbal messages that lots convey a message of appeal to children. Movies often combine humor, violence, and/or sex in order to be much appealing to the audience. Usually two or more of these factors are used. Whether it is through with(predicate) these sources or as something as simple as the evening news, vio lence is everywhere in the media today and displays messages of approval that American society whitethorn not realize.Social learning theory tells us that through crosstie with or exposure to others, delinquency is learned just as submission is learned. Many of the movies and television programs that are seen today contain a uninfected amount of violence in them, whether it is a cartoon or an R-rated movie. In either situation, children imitate what they see on the television or in the Movie Theater. Just as children learn the difference between skilful and wrong through punishments and rewards, children also learn an underlying theme of dandy and evil. In this theme, certain acts of violence are acceptable if they are for the soundly guys. The crowd in the theater watching a film may applaud or shout messages of approval when the good guys blow up the "bad guys". As a consequence, children exit the Movie Theater aiming their fingers homogeneous guns and shooting the ir friends, parents, and/or siblings. They learn that the behavior is acceptable and they imitate it. non only is this detrimental to their sensitivity to violence, it also teaches them that there are exceptions to the rules of society and that conformity is not always the easiest way to solve a chore. sustainment in American society, the easiest and fastest way to solve a problem doesnt always mean that the solution is morally right or that everyone will approve of the methods one takes to accomplish it.I would also handle to address the directs of appeal that Moyer points out in the film. Within each winning of scene, violent acts are often accompanied by sex or humor. Not only can this be used to bring a higher level of acceptance to the viewer, but it also brings a level of gratification or appeal to the scene.

Teaching Philosophy Statement :: School Education Teachers Essays

Teaching Philosophy instruction People rargonly succeed unless they have fun in what they are doing. (Dale Carnegie) This quote scoop up fits my views toward education. I feel that a majority of scholarly persons, today, affright going to school and no longer look at it with a positive mentality. I believe this attitude toward schools is why overall grad performance has decreased and United States students rank lower when compared to students of foreign countries. I necessity to change all this, at least, in my classroom. I want to restore the positive energy and ambition that some students have preoccupied in education. I want students in my classroom to thirst for refreshing knowledge and have a productive and enjoyable time doing so. I personally believe that students, at all age levels, do their best work, and get more involved, when they are educated in an interesting, creative, and hands-on environment.My cheek towards which philosophies to use in educ ation is eclectic. I predominately agree with the Progessivist theory because it is student centered and perceives students as individuals. I believe that these individual needs should be expressed and accommodated in the classroom. I also feel its important for the educational environment to include a democratic process, where students have a go on to voice their opinions about the material they will learn and the rules that they must follow. I feel that when students help direct their own path, that they gain more venerate in the classroom and increase their drive to learn. Another factor Im akin to about using Progressivism in the classroom is that it is experience-centered and deals with true problems that students face in life. I agree with John Deweys intuitive feeling that students learn more by doing because it has meaning. An additional belief that Dewey and myself consider alert is that students should learn how to apply previously learned information and skil ls to solve in the buff issues. This teaches students critical thinking skills and problem solving methods. I also opt the Essentialists philosophy because it has a bulletproof curriculum based well-nigh the traditional subjects of reading, math, and science. I think core curriculum furnishes students with a strong foundation, which they can build upon as they continue to learn.

Hidden Messages in Easy Rider :: Movies Film

What be the hidden messages in Easy RiderThere are many symbols of freedom and personal identity in Dennis Hoppers movie Easy Rider. The movie Easy Rider revolves about two rockers, Wyatt and Billy, making a trip from Los Angeles to New Orleans, to attend Mardi Gras. The runner scene in the movie involves the two protagonists selling a king-size amount of cocaine to a gentleman in a Rolls Royce. after(prenominal) the drug deal two the bikers begin their journey to Mardi Gras, barely not before Wyatt removes his watch and throws it on the ground. This action is shows Wyatts out of bounds of freedom, because time serves only to constrain them. Once on the road you find out that their names are Wyatt and Billy, a reference to Wyatt Earp and Billy the Kid who are considered American legends, as well as outlaws. Wyatt rides a chopper with the stars and mark on the gas tank and on his helmet while sporting the promptly clich leather jacket. Billy is dressed up like a cowman h e is wearing all tan leather with a capacious brim hat. Also throughout the movie Billy refers to Wyatt as police captain America. All of these things serve to ingrain the belief that they embody the American stargaze which is to earn enough money to pursue your reverie. It just so happens that their dream is freedom, the same belief that led to the creation of the United States. Billy and Wyatt of them go through a series of adventures, first stopping off at a motel where theyre rejected, regardless of the glowing vacancy sign. This shows that their culture is not received in the rest of the world. They leave the motel and camp out in the wilderness. At a point, Wyatts bike gets a flat, and they stop at a make to fix it. It is at this point that the film makes a comparison of the bikers to cowboys. As Wyatt is fixing his tire a man in the ambit is shoeing his horse. This is making the point that Wyatt is the refreshed version of the cowboy and his chopper is the new cowboy s horse. During this scene there is an exchange between Wyatt and the sodbuster where Wyatt tells the farmer how much he admires his farm because he built it with his make hands. This is the first time that you get an idea of Wyatts values.